ASP.NET Tutorial : Data Annotations in .NET

Data annotation is critical in modern software development for guaranteeing data integrity, readability, and clarity. Data annotations in .NET provide a standardized mechanism to transmit metadata about data objects, improving the robustness and maintainability of your code. In this article, we'll look at 25 data annotations in.NET, complete with descriptions and examples.

 What exactly are Data Annotations?

Data annotations allow developers to add metadata to data models and attributes in.NET. These annotations help to describe constraints, formatting, and validation rules, making it easier to work with data objects in a variety of scenarios, including ASP.NET applications, Entity Framework, and API validation.
'[Required]' is a required phrase.

The annotation [Required] assures that a property cannot be null. 

public class Person
{
    [Required]
    public string FirstName { get; set; }
}

2. `[StringLength]`

Defines the maximum and minimum length of a string property.

public class Product
{
    [StringLength(50, MinimumLength = 3)]
    public string Name { get; set; }
}

3. `[Range]`

Restricts a property to a specified numeric range.

public class Temperature
{
    [Range(-40, 100)]
    public int Celsius { get; set; }
}

4. `[RegularExpression]`

Validates a property against a regular expression pattern.

public class Email
{
    [RegularExpression(@"^[a-zA-Z0-9._%+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9.-]+\.[a-zA-Z]{2,4}$")]
    public string Address { get; set; }
}

5. `[Compare]`

Compares the values of two properties for equality.

public class User
{
    public string Password { get; set; }

    [Compare("Password")]
    public string ConfirmPassword { get; set; }
}

6. `[EmailAddress]`

Ensures that a string property contains a valid email address.

public class Contact
{
    [EmailAddress]
    public string Email { get; set; }
}

7. `[Phone]`

Validates a string property as a phone number.

public class Contact
{
    [Phone]
    public string PhoneNumber { get; set; }
}

8. `[Url]`

Check if a string property contains a valid URL.

public class Website
{
    [Url]
    public string URL { get; set; }
}

9. `[CreditCard]`

Ensures a string property contains a valid credit card number.

public class Payment
{
    [CreditCard]
    public string CardNumber { get; set; }
}

10. `[MaxLength]`

Specifies the maximum length of a string property.

public class Tweet
{
    [MaxLength(280)]
    public string Text { get; set; }
}

11. `[MinLength]`

Sets the minimum length for a string property.

public class Password
{
    [MinLength(8)]
    public string Value { get; set; }
}

12. `[DataType]`

Specifies the data type of a property.

public class Person
{
    [DataType(DataType.Date)]
    public DateTime BirthDate { get; set; }
}

13. `[Display]`

Customizes the display name for a property.

public class Product
{
    [Display(Name = "Product Name")]
    public string Name { get; set; }
}

14. `[ScaffoldColumn]`

Hides a property from a scaffolding in ASP.NET MVC.

public class Employee
{
    [ScaffoldColumn(false)]
    public int EmployeeID { get; set; }
}

15. `[ScaffoldTable]`

Specifies the table name for an Entity Framework Entity.

[ScaffoldTable("tbl_Product")]
public class Product
{
    public string Name { get; set; }
}

16. `[Editable]`

Determines whether a property is editable in MVC.

[Editable(false)]
public class UserProfile
{
    public string FirstName { get; set; }
}

17. `[Key]`

Marks a property as the primary key for an Entity Framework Entity.

public class Customer
{
    [Key]
    public int CustomerID { get; set; }
}

18. `[ForeignKey]`

Defines a foreign key relationship in Entity Framework.

public class Order
{
    public int CustomerID { get; set; }

    [ForeignKey("CustomerID")]
    public Customer Customer { get; set; }
}

19. `[Table]`

Specifies the table name for an Entity Framework entity.

[Table("Orders")]
public class Order
{
    public string OrderName { get; set; }
}

20. `[Column]`

Defines the column name for a property in Entity Framework.

public class User
{
    [Column("Full_Name")]
    public string FullName { get; set; }
}

21. `[ConcurrencyCheck]`

Indicates that a property should be included in optimistic concurrency checks.

public class Product
{
    [ConcurrencyCheck]
    public int UnitsInStock { get; set; }
}

22. `[Timestamp]`

Specifies that a property represents a database-generated timestamp.

public class Product
{
    [Timestamp]
    public byte[] RowVersion { get; set; }
}

23. `[DatabaseGenerated]`

Marks a property as database-generated.

public class Order
{
    [DatabaseGenerated(DatabaseGeneratedOption.Identity)]
    public int OrderID { get; set; }
}

24. `[NotMapped]`

Excludes a property from being mapped to the database.

public class User
{
    [NotMapped]
    public string FullName => $"{FirstName} {LastName}";
}

25. `[Bind]`

Specifies which properties should be included when binding data in an MVC action.

[Bind(Include = "FirstName, LastName, Email")]
public class UserProfile
{
    public string FirstName { get; set; }
    public string LastName { get; set; }
    public string Email { get; set; }
}

Conclusion

Data annotations in.NET make it simple for developers to declare metadata and limitations for data models. You can improve the dependability and readability of your code by correctly applying these annotations. These annotations are useful tools in your development toolset, whether you're building online apps with ASP.NET or working with databases in Entity Framework.

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Real-time WebSocket Protocol Communication in ASP.NET Core

There are various steps involved in creating a comprehensive example of real-time communication utilizing the WebSocket protocol in ASP.NET Core. In this example, we'll build a simple chat app that allows users to send and receive messages in real time. This example assumes you are familiar with ASP.NET Core and C#.

Step 1. Create a new ASP.NET Core project

First, use Visual Studio or the command line to create a new ASP.NET Core project. You have the option of using the ASP.NET Core Web Application template and the Empty template.
Step 2: Download and install the WebSocket NuGet Package.

Microsoft.AspNetCore must be installed in your project.WebSockets is a NuGet package that adds WebSocket support.

dotnet add package Microsoft.AspNetCore.WebSockets

Step 3. Create a WebSocket Middleware
In your Startup.cs file, configure WebSocket middleware in the Configure method.
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;
using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting;
using WebSocketChatApp.Middleware;

Author: Peter
namespace WebSocketChatApp
{
    public class Startup
    {
        // ... other configurations ...

        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            // ... other services ...

            services.AddWebSocketManager();
        }

        public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IWebHostEnvironment env)
        {
            // ... other middleware ...

            app.UseWebSockets();
            app.MapWebSocketManager("/chat", app.ApplicationServices.GetService<ChatWebSocketHandler>());

            // ... other configurations ...
        }
    }
}

Step 4. Create a WebSocket Handler
Create a WebSocket handler class to manage WebSocket connections and messages. You can name it ChatWebSocketHandler.cs.
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
using System;
using System.Net.WebSockets;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

Author: Peter
namespace WebSocketChatApp.Middleware
{
    public class ChatWebSocketHandler
    {
        private readonly WebSocketConnectionManager _connectionManager;
        private readonly ILogger<ChatWebSocketHandler> _logger;

        public ChatWebSocketHandler(WebSocketConnectionManager connectionManager, ILogger<ChatWebSocketHandler> logger)
        {
            _connectionManager = connectionManager;
            _logger = logger;
        }

        public async Task HandleWebSocket(HttpContext context, WebSocket webSocket)
        {
            var socketId = _connectionManager.AddSocket(webSocket);

            _logger.LogInformation($"WebSocket connection established with ID {socketId}");

            while (webSocket.State == WebSocketState.Open)
            {
                var message = await ReceiveMessageAsync(webSocket);
                if (message != null)
                {
                    _logger.LogInformation($"Received message from ID {socketId}: {message}");
                    await BroadcastMessageAsync(message);
                }
            }

            _connectionManager.RemoveSocket(socketId);
            _logger.LogInformation($"WebSocket connection closed with ID {socketId}");
        }

        private async Task<string?> ReceiveMessageAsync(WebSocket webSocket)
        {
            var buffer = new byte[1024];
            var result = await webSocket.ReceiveAsync(new ArraySegment<byte>(buffer), CancellationToken.None);

            if (result.CloseStatus.HasValue)
            {
                return null;
            }

            return System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetString(buffer, 0, result.Count);
        }

        private async Task BroadcastMessageAsync(string message)
        {
            foreach (var socket in _connectionManager.GetAllSockets())
            {
                if (socket.Value.State == WebSocketState.Open)
                {
                    await socket.Value.SendAsync(System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(message), WebSocketMessageType.Text, true, CancellationToken.None);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

Step 5. Create WebSocket Connection Manager
Create a WebSocket connection manager to keep track of connected WebSocket clients. You can name it WebSocketConnectionManager.cs.
using System;
using System.Collections.Concurrent;
using System.Net.WebSockets;

Author: Peter
namespace WebSocketChatApp.Middleware
{
    public class WebSocketConnectionManager
    {
        private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<Guid, WebSocket> _sockets = new ConcurrentDictionary<Guid, WebSocket>();

        public WebSocket AddSocket(WebSocket socket)
        {
            var socketId = Guid.NewGuid();
            _sockets.TryAdd(socketId, socket);
            return socketId;
        }

        public WebSocket? GetSocket(Guid socketId)
        {
            _sockets.TryGetValue(socketId, out var socket);
            return socket;
        }

        public ConcurrentDictionary<Guid, WebSocket>.ValueCollection GetAllSockets()
        {
            return _sockets.Values;
        }

        public Guid? GetSocketId(WebSocket socket)
        {
            foreach (var (key, value) in _sockets)
            {
                if (value == socket)
                {
                    return key;
                }
            }
            return null;
        }

        public void RemoveSocket(Guid socketId)
        {
            _sockets.TryRemove(socketId, out _);
        }
    }
}

Step 6. Create WebSocket Endpoint
Create a WebSocket endpoint in your controller to handle WebSocket connections.
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using System.Net.WebSockets;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using WebSocketChatApp.Middleware;

Author: Peter
namespace WebSocketChatApp.Controllers
{
    [Route("api/[controller]")]
    public class ChatController : ControllerBase
    {
        private readonly ChatWebSocketHandler _webSocketHandler;

        public ChatController(ChatWebSocketHandler webSocketHandler)
        {
            _webSocketHandler = webSocketHandler;
        }

        [HttpGet]
        public async Task<IActionResult> Get()
        {
            if (HttpContext.WebSockets.IsWebSocketRequest)
            {
                var webSocket = await HttpContext.WebSockets.AcceptWebSocketAsync();
                await _webSocketHandler.HandleWebSocket(HttpContext, webSocket);
            }
            else
            {
                return BadRequest("WebSocket is not supported.");
            }

            return Ok();
        }
    }
}

Step 7. Create a Client-Side Application
Create a simple HTML page with JavaScript to connect to the WebSocket server and send/receive messages. Here's a basic example:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title>WebSocket Chat By Peter</title>
</head>
<body>
    <input type="text" id="messageInput" placeholder="Enter your message" />
    <button onclick="sendMessage()">Send</button>
    <div id="chat"></div>

    <script>
        const socket = new WebSocket("ws://localhost:5000/api/chat");

        socket.onopen = (event) => {
            console.log("WebSocket connection established.");
        };

        socket.onmessage = (event) => {
            const chatDiv = document.getElementById("chat");
            chatDiv.innerHTML += `<p>${event.data}</p>`;
        };

        socket.onclose = (event) => {
            if (event.wasClean) {
                console.log(`WebSocket connection closed cleanly, code=${event.code}, reason=${event.reason}`);
            } else {
                console.error(`WebSocket connection died`);
            }
        };

        function sendMessage() {
            const messageInput = document.getElementById("messageInput");
            const message = messageInput.value;
            socket.send(message);
            messageInput.value = "";
        }
    </script>
</body>
</html>

Step 8. Run the Application
Build and run your ASP.NET Core application. Access the WebSocket chat page in your browser. You should be able to send and receive messages in real-time.

This example provides a basic implementation of a WebSocket chat application in ASP.NET Core. You can extend and customize it according.

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ASP.NET Tutorial : Implementation of NLog in.Application for the Internet Core

NLog is a free and open-source library. If you install the NLog package in your application, you are not required to perform any license-related actions.

The logging foundation for.Net or.Net Core is NLog.
NLog will assist you in troubleshooting the application error and resolving your issue.

How do you incorporate the NLog package into your application?
There are two methods for installing the NLog package.

Command
Manually launch the Nuget package manager, navigate to NLog, and install it.

Command
Install the NLog.Web.AspNetCore package.

Install the NLog manually
Open the project at the location where you wish to use NLog.
Right-click the solution and then select Manage Nuget Packages.
Enter NLog in the search box.Web.AspNetCore.

Once it is installed in your system, you can verify it on the below screenshot. 

NLog provides different logging levels. The following log levels are supported:

• Info
• Error
• Debug
• Trace
• Fail
• Fatal

Initialize the logger in your application.

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using NLog;

namespace NLogApplication.Controllers
{
    public class ValuesController : ControllerBase
    {
        private readonly Logger _logger;

        public ValuesController()
        {
            _logger = LogManager.GetCurrentClassLogger();
        }
    }
}

Configuring the logger in your application.

You need to create the nlog.config file in your solution.

Once you have created the file, you need to right-click it and select its properties.

Change the build action to None and Copy to Output Directory to Copy always.

The below content would be required for the nlog.config file.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<nlog xmlns="http://www.nlog-project.org/schemas/NLog.xsd"
      xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">

  <variable name="verbose" value="${longdate} | ${machinename} | ${processid} | ${processname} | ${level} | ${logger} | ${message}"/>

  <targets>
    <target xsi:type="File"
            name="file"
            layout="${verbose}"
            fileName="nlog.log"
            archiveFileName="log.{#}.log"
            archiveNumbering="Date"
            archiveEvery="Day"
            archiveDateFormat="yyyyMMdd" />
  </targets>

  <rules>
    <logger name="*" minlevel="Trace" writeTo="file" />
  </rules>
</nlog>

To demonstrate whether the logs are working or not, you need to run the application.

Try to create one dummy API for that, as below.

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using NLog;

namespace NLogApplication.Controllers
{
    [Route("api/[controller]")]
    [ApiController]
    public class ValuesController : ControllerBase
    {
        private readonly Logger _logger;

        public ValuesController()
        {
            _logger = LogManager.GetCurrentClassLogger();
        }

        [HttpGet]
        public IActionResult Get()
        {
            _logger.Info("This is the NLog Info.");
            _logger.Debug("This is the NLog Debug.");
            return Ok(DateTime.Now);
        }
    }
}

Build the solution, and if you find any solution errors, please resolve those errors. Once your solution builds successfully, please run the application. Once your application will run successfully in your browser, open Swagger or Postman and try to hit the API.

 Click on the Try it out button in the swagger documentation.

Click on the Execute button. Once the execution is done, look at the below screenshot.

For logging regarding verification, you need to follow the below steps.

1. Right-click on your application in the solution explorer.
2. Click on the Open Folder in file explorer.
3. Go to the bin folder.
4. Go to the Debug folder.
5. Go to the .net 6.0 folder.
6. Inside that, you have found the nlog.log file.

Open that file, and seems you see the logs inside that file as below. 

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Which is the Best nopCommerce 4.60.4 Hosting in Australia?

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How to Convert Excel Data Into DataTable?

To deal with Microsoft Excel, the.NET Excel framework is fast and feature-rich. This framework includes an Excel creation and editing library, which enables you to create, read, and edit Microsoft Excel files in any.NET application. It includes a Spreadsheet UI control inspired by Excel for creating, editing, viewing, and formatting Excel documents. Its robust conversion APIs make it simple to convert Excel files to PDF, pictures, and other formats. We shall convert Excel data to datable in this article.

In this article, we will convert Excel data into datable.

Task 1. Create a sample ASP.NET Core Web API

In this task, you will see how to create a new sample .NET ASP.NET Core Web API using Visual Studio 2022 and the respective code of conversion from the Excel sheet to the data table.

Step 1. Open Visual Studio 2022 and click Create a new project.

Step 2. Search ASP.NET in the search bar, select ASP.NET Core Web API project template, and click Next.

 

Step 3. Enter the project name as ConvertExcelToDataTable Next.

 Step 4. Select .NET Core as Framework. Click Create.

Step 5. Expand the Controller folder in the solution explorer, right-click WeatherForecastController.cs file, and click Delete. Right-click WeatherForecast.cs file and click Delete.

Step 6. Right-click the Controllers folder, click Add, and then click Controller.

Step 7. Select API -> API Controller with read/write actions. Click Add.

 Step 8. Leave the default name and click Add.

Task 2. Add Code in the ConvertController project
Step 1. Create a folder ‘’Model’ and add a class in it with the name of FileModel.cs file and replace the code with the following as shown below.
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
using Newtonsoft.Json;

namespace ConvertExcelToDataTable.Model

{
    public class FileModel
    {
        [JsonProperty(PropertyName = "IFormFile")]

        public IFormFile FromFile { get; set; }
    }
}

Install Nuget Package Newtonsoft.json (13.0.3)

Step 2. Create a folder ‘’Classes’ and add a class in it with the name of  ConvertCSVtoDataTable.cs file and replace the code with the following as shown below.
using ConvertExcelToDataTable.Model;
using System;
using System.Data;
using System.IO;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace ConvertExcelToDataTable.Classes
{
    public class ConvertCSVtoDataTable
    {
        public async Task<DataTable> ConvertData(FileModel fileModel)
        {
            DataTable dt = new DataTable();

            try
            {
                string strFilePath = Path.Combine(Directory.GetCurrentDirectory(), "UploadedFiles", fileModel.FromFile.FileName);

                // Create file in local path to read

                using (Stream stream = new FileStream(strFilePath, FileMode.Create))
                {
                    fileModel.FromFile.CopyTo(stream);
                }

                using (StreamReader sr = new StreamReader(strFilePath))
                {
                    string[] headers = sr.ReadLine().Split(',');

                    foreach (string header in headers)

                    {
                        dt.Columns.Add(header);
                        dt.Columns[header].DataType = typeof(String);
                    }

                    if (!sr.EndOfStream)
                    {
                        while (!sr.EndOfStream)
                        {
                            string[] rows = sr.ReadLine().Split(',');
                            DataRow dr = dt.NewRow();
                            for (int i = 0; i < headers.Length; i++)
                            {
                                dr[i] = rows[i];
                            }
                            dt.Rows.Add(dr);
                        }
                    }

                    return await Task.FromResult(dt);
                }
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                throw ex;
            }
        }
    }
}

Step 3. Open controller “ConvertController” and replace the code with the following one.
using ConvertExcelToDataTable.Classes;
using ConvertExcelToDataTable.Model;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace ConvertExcelToDataTable.Controllers
{
    public class ConvertController : Controller
    {
        [HttpPost]
        [Route("api/FileUpload")]
        public async Task<JsonResult> Index(FileModel fileModel)
        {
            var obj = new ConvertCSVtoDataTable();
            var response = await obj.ConvertData(fileModel);
            return new JsonResult(fileModel.FromFile.FileName);
        }
    }
}

Step 4. Open StartUp.js for swagger configuration and replace the code with the following one.
public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.AddControllers();
            services.AddSwaggerGen();
            services.AddSwaggerGen(c =>
            {
                c.SwaggerDoc("v1", new OpenApiInfo
                {
                    Version = "v1",
                    Title = "ConvertExToDt",
                    Description = "ConvertExToDt",
                });
            });
        }

        // This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to configure the HTTP request pipeline.

        public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IWebHostEnvironment env)
        {
            app.UseSwagger();
            app.UseSwaggerUI(c =>
            {
                c.SwaggerEndpoint("/swagger/v1/swagger.json", "WHS");
            });

            if (env.IsDevelopment())
            {
                app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();
            }
            app.UseHttpsRedirection();
            app.UseRouting();
            app.UseAuthorization();
            app.UseEndpoints(endpoints =>
            {
                endpoints.MapControllers();

            });

        }

    Install Nuget Package Swashbuckle.AspNetCore.Swagger (6.5.0)
    Install Nuget Package Swashbuckle.AspNetCore.SwaggerUI (6.5.0)

Task 3. Testing
In this task, you will see how to test the API to generate the logs in the respective file.

Hit F5 to run the API locally, and Swagger will be displayed. Expand /api/values and click Try it out. Click Execute to get the response as shown below.

 Click on Choose File button and select an Excel File

The code will execute, and it will show you the expected result as below. 

In the swagger response, you can see the Excel file name.

Note. If you want to ass additional validation and conditions, then please use the data table response and use the loop conditions. Create a folder in your root project path with the name of UploadedFiles.

Task 4. Clean up resources

Once execution will be done, remove the file from the local folder.

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